Slide 1
Title: Conserve or Invest: What we earn from Carbon Utilization
(中文题目)： 保存还是投资：我们从碳的利用中所获得到的
Much of the technical data in my talk can be found in a paper accepted for publication this fall in the Energy International Journal.
我许多报告中涉及的技术数据可以从以下的文章(被国际能源刊物上接受将发表在这个秋季)获得 www.eprida.com/hydro/ecoss/background/energy_article.pdf
in addition, a great deal the recent material of terra preta was taken from the June 2004 EACU conference in Athens, Georgia. for complete access to conference material, please drop me an e-mail and I will assign you a membership login to www.caronnegative.info
另外，大量近来的关于terra preta材料来自2004年在美国佐治亚州雅典市(佐治亚大学)举行的EACU会议。如果你需要详细材料，请与电子邮件我联系。我会给你会员号以便登陆网址(www.carbonnegative.info)。
data-center. we provide this research oriented non-commercial data-center to support the development and science climate change management.
信息中心。我们提供研究为导向非使用的信息中心以便支持环境变化的发展和科学研究。
Slide 2
What is this talk about?
什么是这个报告的话题？
It is about running our tractors on fuels we grow.
报告的话题是关于我们制造开动牵引车(拖拉机)所用的燃料
It is about improving yields.
报告的话题是关于挺高产量
It is about reducing costs of production.
报告的话题是关于减少生产成本
It is about increasing profit.
报告的话题是关于增加利润
It is about leaving a rich fertile land to our grandchildren's grandchildren.
报告的话题是关于给我们的子孙后代保留肥沃的土地
Slide 3
Background: 2002 DOE Sponsored Renewable Hydrogen Production:
背景：2002年美国能源部资助的可再生的氢生产展示
A field demonstration of hydrogen from biomass
一个实地的生物能方式制造氢演示
I have been working for the last few years with our partners institutions to pilot scale demonstrate pyrolysis with catalytic steam reforming for hydrogen production from biomass. The intent behind this work was to demonstrate a technology in the field, with typical workers, not phd's. This is the team that built and ran the hydrogen production equipment.
在近几年里，我和我们合作的几个研究机构率先从事生物能的制造氢演示工作。我们利用催化蒸汽的热解改进氢的生产。工作的目的在于演示如何用一般的工人使用该技术，而非高级研究人员。 该图片是一个工作组，他们建立并且运作该氢生产设备。
Slide 4
2004 Bio-refinery conversion project at the University of Georgia
2004 年美国佐治亚大学的生物精炼转换项目
1000-hour demonstration of hydrogen by biomass catalytic steam reforming and co-products
1000 小时使用生物能催化蒸汽生产氢和附带产品
DOE estimates that hydrogen production from bio-mass is one of the most cost competitive
美国能源部估计用生物能生产氢是最便宜的一种生产方式
We are now implementing a 1000-hour demonstration at the University of Georgia's bio-conversion research facility, in addition to producing hydrogen rich syn-gas, we will also be producing about 5 tons of a special type of charcoal.
我们在美国佐治亚大学的生物转换研究设施实现1000小时的演示。除了生产含氢丰富的合成气体，我们将生产约5吨的特种木炭。
Slide 5
50kg per hour feed
每小时50公斤为能源
used an inert gas generator to maintain bed temperature profiles
使用一个惰性空气机来保持底座温度一致
start up procedure including filling unit with cool charcoal as inert media to disturb heat
开始程序，包括插入冷却的木炭为惰性中介以隔热。
Slide 6
Terra Preta: a 2000 year old soil experiment
含碳丰富的沃土 (Terra Preta)：一个关于有2000年历史的泥土的试验
man-made soil plot
人工的一片泥土
average size 20 ha
平均尺寸20 ha
carbon dated at 800 B.C - 200 AD
碳可以追至大约公元前800年到公元200
high carbon content (9%)
高碳含量(百分之九)
local farmers prize terra preta which yields as much as three folds as surround infertile tropical soils
当地的农民赞扬这种含碳丰富的沃土(terra preta)能够生产三倍以上的附近热带非沃土的产量。
Slide 7
Terra preta sites are so valued they are dug up and sold for potting soil
这种含碳丰富的沃土(terra preta)地点很有价值。沃土被人们挖起并被卖作盆植泥土。
It is so valued it is dug up and sold for potting soil. A highly significant finding by Bill Woods was that as long as 20cm layer of terra preta was left, the terra preta topsoil would regrow and could be harvested again in 20 years. The ability of terra preta to grow points toward a partnership solution with nature to solve our atmospheric carbon buildup.
这种含碳丰富的沃土(terra preta)地点很有价值。它们被人们挖起并被卖为盆植泥土。Bill Woods 的重要发现是只要是保留这种含碳丰富的沃土(terra preta) 外围20公分的泥土，表层土会重新成长并且在20年后可以重新收获。这种沃土的自然重生能力为我们解决空气中的碳含量提供了帮助。
Slide 8
This work by Julia Major from Cornell University provides a good example of why farmers prize this soil so much.
康乃尔大学的Julia Major的研究成果显示为什么农民如此赞许这种土壤。
Slide 9
What do we find in these anomalous earths
我们能够在这种异常的泥土发现什么？
Oxisol
氧化土
terra preta de indio
terra preta (含碳丰富的沃土) de Indio
measured carbon levels in terra preta soils confirm the higher carbon content of the dark black earth
测量的terra preta (含碳丰富的沃土)证实为碳含量很高的黑土
Slide 10
The one consistent feature of terra preta sites
terra preta (含碳丰富的沃土)地点的一致特点
evidence of soils created by mankind
由人类创造的土壤证据
ornate pottery is found all throughout all terra preta soil indicating the highly civilized society
发现的装饰陶器在terra preta泥土周围显示曾经有高度文明的社会
Slide 11
The one consistent feature of terra preta sites
terra preta (含碳丰富的沃土)地点的一致特点
evidence of soils created by mankind
由人类创造的土壤证据
by adding charcoal
加入木炭
charcoal is found all terra preta soils
木炭发现在所有的terra preta土壤里
Slide 12
a stable form of carbon was used successfully 2000 years ago to build a fertilizer layer of topsoil that is still productive and valuable today.
一种碳的稳定形式在2000年前成功地使用作为表土层的肥料层。这种方式在今天仍是有生产价值。
So then it is possible to extract energy from biomass, to create terra preta type soils to increase profits and restore our topsoil?
那么，是否可能通过生物量抽取能源来创造含碳高的土壤，从而增加我们的产量和恢复表土层的营养。
yes! plus other benefits
不仅可能，而且还有其它的好处。
Slide 13
Charcoal research in Japan and Asia
木炭研究在日本和亚洲
effects of soil microbial fertility by charcoal in soil
土壤中的木炭影响到土壤微生物的生育能力
the information in the next few slides are from Dr. Ogawa in Japan
以下一些幻灯片来自日本的Ogawa博士
Slide 14
Effect of charcoal addition on root nodule formation and soy bean yield.
木炭添加对根部小结节形成和大豆产量的影响
Slide 15
Effect of charcoal on acacia mangium
木炭对马占相思的影响
root growth & nodule formation - Indonesia (Okimori, Yamato 2000)
根部生长和小结节形成-印度尼西亚 (Okimori, Yamato 2000)
forest floor of acacia plantation was covered by rice husk charcoal 5cm in depth. Earthworm population increased soon after the treatment because of neutralization of top soil.
洋槐农场的森林地面被5公尺的米壳木炭所覆盖。由于土壤的表层被中立化，处理后蚯蚓的数量很快将增加了。
Slide 16
Charcoal additions to A. mangium seedlings
木炭添加对马占相思苗的影响
Height and diameter significantly increased at age of 6 months in comparison to a control.
与未添加木炭的苗相比较，其高度和直径在6个月后明显增加了。
This slide was presented by Siregar from Indonesia.
这个幻灯片是来自马来西亚的Siregar
Slide 17
Bark charcoal and fertilizer
树皮木炭和肥料
effect of charcoal and fertilizer on the plant growth and soil properties in South Sumatra (Yamato 2004 unpublished)
关于木炭和肥料对植物生长以及泥土成分的影响(在南Sumatra) (Yamato 2004 年尚未发表)
This was presented by Dr. Ogawa
这一幻灯片来自日本的Ogawa博士
Slide 18
Christoph Steiner field studies
Christoph Steiner 实地研究
charcoal as soil conditioner
木炭作为泥土的调节剂
studies in the humid tropics
在潮湿热带地区的研究
Christoph Steiner presented a tremendous amount of work at the EACU symposium.
Christoph Steiner 在EACU会议提交了大量的研究成果
Slide 19
3 year field trial studies
3年实地试验研究
15 treatments with 5 repetitions
15种处理方法和5次重复
experiment area 40 x 40m
试验地40 x 40 公尺
plot size 2 x 2m
小块土地尺寸2 x 2 公尺
litter and roods removed
杂物清除了
distance between the plots 1m and to secondary forest 6m
Slide 20
of 15 different treatments, 2 show clear impact of the charcoal effect
在15种不同的处理中，2种显示明显的木炭效果
Experiments: Rice/Sorghum plots set up
试验： 米/高粱地
the next comparison is of the mineral fertilizer vs charcoal with mineral fertilizer
以下的为矿物质肥料与木炭加矿物质之间的比较
Slide 21
3 year results summary
三年结果总结
49% ave crop yield increase over the 3 year study
三年研究后，农作物产量的平均增长为百分之四十九
over the three years studies an average yield increases of 49% was achieved
三年研究后，获得农作物产量百分之四十九的平均增长
Slide 22
Adding charcoal to the ground seems simply enough but the impact is far from simple.
给土地表面增加木炭看起来很简单，都是它的影响却很复杂。
nature has spend billions of years evolving econsystem to utilize charcoal and its byproducts
自然在无数年头的生态进化过程中利用着木炭和它的副产品。
we are now uncovering the science behind this fascinating story and the possibilities may yet provide solutions to many of our most intractable problems.
我们现在揭示着这美妙故事背后的科学。而且我们还可以利用它去解决我们很多的难题。
Slide 23
In another experiment, terra preta showed phenomenal capability to support microbial growth
在另一个实验里，terra preta显示出明显的功效来支持微生物的生长
something was different about this charcoal comprising terra preta
有一些不同的是关于木炭在terra preta 的组成
look at the rate of microbial growth in terra preta
注意在terra preta 的微生物的生长速度
Slide 24
The answer is in the smoke
答案是在烟
in this experiment, condensed smoke was added to charcoal and kaolin.
在这一实验中，浓缩的烟加入木炭和高岭土
the impact was the same as adding glucose to these materials
效果如同加入葡萄糖在这些东西上
this is the part of creating terra preta. Smoldering fires produce a low temp char to with bio-trapped inside.
这是制造terra preta的一部分。闷烧的火焰产生低温碳产生内部生物循环
high temperature fires drive off the soils as vapor and reduce charcoal to inert carbon with limited microbial effect.
但是高温的火焰驱散泥土为蒸汽和减少木炭至惰性碳产生有限的微生物效果。
Slide 25
Charcoal provides a preferred habitat for soil micro organism
木炭提供了泥土微生物群一个首选的居住环境
Dr. Ogawa has shown that the substantial increase in soil bacteria with the addition of charcoal.
Ogawa博士显示了木炭的增加会有大量泥土细菌的增加
the ability to help support below ground development of microbial biomass can have large impacts on our global carbon levels.
帮助支持地下微生物的生物量能够对全球的碳标准会有很大的影响
the soils contain 4.2 times the amount of carbon as the atmosphere so factors than can increase and stabilize more carbon could be considered a second forest growing underground.
这种泥土含有如同4.2倍空气中所含的碳，因此这些能增加和稳定碳的因素可以被认为一个第二森林生长的地下层。
Slide 26
Microbial life benefits the soil
微生物生活有益于泥土
AM fungi increase soil stability by releasing a long lasting glue
AM 菌类通过释放胶增加泥土的稳定性
this glue Glomalin, aggregates small soil particles
这种Glomalin胶集合微小泥土的颗粒
aggregation increases water & air holding capacity, gives soil tilth
集合增加水和空气的包含能力，给泥土易于耕地
supports greater biomass yields
支持更大生物量的产量
Slide 27
So how do we increase mycorrhizal fungi growth
那么我们如何增加mycorrhizal 菌类的生长
charcoal addition to the soil provides nutrient & water storage center for mycorrhizal fungi
木炭添加在泥土中会为mycorrhizal 菌类提供一个储存营养和水的中心
their hyphae invade charcoal pores & support spore reproduction
它们的菌丝侵入木炭孔而且会支持孢子的再生
it becomes a living ecosystem, just like a reef in the ocean
这便成为一个活的生态系统，如同海洋的礁
charcoal has been shown to provide nutrients to fungi
已显示木炭可以为菌类提供营养
Slide 28
See the growth of mycorrhizal in the bottom picture with charcoal
看有图片下木炭的mycorrhizal成长情况
Slide 29
charcoal has benefits for existing forests
木炭有益于存在的森林
recovering of pine tree from wilting by charcoal treatment after a year
通过木炭一年后处理救活枯萎的松树_
Dr. Ogawa showed us this method for restoring a wilting pine tree. He laughed at the conference & said this is old technology for the Japanese
Ogawa 博士向我们展示救活枯萎的松树的方式。在会议上他笑着说，对日本人来说，这只是一个老技术。
Slide 30
charcoal has benefits for existing forests
木炭有益于存在的森林
recovering of pine tree from wilting by charcoal treatment after a year
通过木炭一年后处理救活枯萎的松树
Slide 31
Global charcoal research
世界各地关于木炭的研究
Other charcoal benefits
木炭其它的益处
Surface oxidation of the char increased the cation exchange capacity (Glaser)
木炭表层的氧化增加阳离子交流能力(Glaser)
Char increased available water holding capacity by more than 18% of surrounding soils (Glaser)
木炭增加周围泥土可得到水分的15%容纳能力(Glaser)
Char experiments have shown up to 266% more biomass growth (2nd Yr Steiner) and 324% (Kishimoto and Sugiura)
木炭实验表面增加266%(2nd Yr Steiner认为)和324% (Kishimoto and Sugiura认为) 的生物量生长。
Plant nitrogen uptake doubled in charcoal amended soils (Steiner)
木炭补充的泥土中植物的氮吸取量加倍(Steiner)
Charcoal has proven to help reduce farm chemical runoff (Yelverton)
木炭证明有益于农场的化学物质流量(Yelverton)
Slide 32
Charcoal is produced by heating biomass with limited air. This process is called pyrolysis.
木炭的制造是通过在有限的空气中加热生物量。这一方式叫做热解。
It is a well understood globally, where ever charcoal is made
关于木炭在何处制成已广为人知
Simple system improvements allow for the capture and use of pyrolytic off-gases (ex: Cars/Trucks in Sweden were converted to run off wood gas during WWII)
简单的系统改进可允许捕获和利用热解的气体
Pyrolytic conversion does not destroy the porous carbon structure created by nature
热解转换并不损害有气孔的自然的碳机构
Pyrolysis is natural. Nature has spent billions of years building systems and life forms that can take advantage conversion of biomass created by natural fires
热解是自然的。自然已有数不清的年月来建立系统和生命形式。它们能够通过自然的火来利用生物量的转换。
Pyrolysis can offer attractive economics for hydrogen (as well as bio-oil) production partly because of the options for co-product production
热解能提供给很吸引人的经济学以氢和生物油生产，部分是因为它能副产品的选择
Pyrolysis facilities can have reduced capital costs and small foot-prints and can be incorporated with a new small scale ammonia production capability
热解设备能减少成本，少占地和一个新式小型的氨生产能力配套。
Slide 33
Progression of Pyrolysis
电解的过程
char formation
木炭的形成
This is an important chart and helps understand the hidden opportunities.
这是一个重要的图表。它帮助你理解隐藏的机会。
A continuum of physical states exists in the stages of pyrolysis and charcoal formation.
在电解和木炭形成的各个阶段的一系列的物理状况
First water evaporates, then non combustibles such as CO2 and acetic acid (the primary acid in vinegar).
首先水蒸发，然后有不燃烧物二氧化碳和醋酸(醋里主要的酸)。
Around 280 degrees C, Volatile gases and flammable tars are released. Many are condensable and will produce a liquid bio-oil. Others are non-condensable, such as methane, are lost if not converted to heat or used to produce a usable fuel such as hydrogen. The smoke we see from fires, represents lost energy and more greenhouse gases.
在大约摄氏280度，挥发性的气体和可燃焦被放出。很多是可压缩和产生生物油液体。一些是不可压缩例如乙醇，如果不转换为热或者用来制造可用的燃料如氢，将失去了。我们看到火产生的烟代表了失去的能量和更多的温室气体。
Between 280 and 500 represents a zone where biomass will continue to increase in temperature, even when no oxygen is present. Above 400 C, most of the volatiles will have evaporated.
在280至500度间，生物量将随温度增长，即使没有氧气。高于500度，大多数的可挥发的将蒸发。
Now here is an important note: Runkle and Wilke found that above 170 degrees, the volatiles gases would combined with other shorter chain molecules forming longer chain molecules with higher dew points that would condense inside the pore structures.The process repeats over and over, perhaps thousands of times before complete devolitilization occurs. They called these polycondensates, others bio-oil, and some wood sugars.
现在要注意一点：Runkle and Wilke发现在高于170度，挥发气体将与其它短链
分子组成长链分子有更高的露点，其内部毛孔机构会压缩。这一程序重复进行，它们被称为多次压缩，生物油和wood sugars。
Slide 34
Typical TGA of Pyrolysis
典型的热解重量分析法
weight decreases as temperature increases
重量减少随着温度增加
Here we can see a typical thermogravimetric analysis. The chart shows weight loss percent as the material is heated without oxygen present. The dotted line shows the rate of weight loss in
percent per min per 10 degrees C.
现在我们可看到典型的热解重量分析法。图表显示当物质在无氧状况下加热的重量损失百分比。打点的线显示每10度每分钟的重量损失百分比。
The step curve between 300 and 400 represents the exothermic zone. Each biomass produces a
different chart. Now if we take these to charts and overlap them, let us see what happens.
在300到400的曲线代表发热区。每一生物量产生不同的图表。现在我们把这些图表重叠，看能发现什么。
Slide 35
Progression of Pyrolysis
电解的过程
char formation
木炭的形成
The implications of utilizing the exothermic zone is that once started, biomass pyrolysis systems need not be energy consumers but rather when integrated into other processes can utilize heat as well as produce excess heat in a self sustaining mode.
利用发热区暗示是一旦生物量电解系统启动，其系统不再是能源的消耗者，而是利用其可持续模式融入程序中来利用热和产生热
The next idea is that there are two inflection points on the rate of weight loss curve. The beginning of the start of the exothermic range and the second inflection point is where rate of weight loss slows and the process tapers off to completion.
另外的思想是这里有两个歪曲的点。它们在重量损失曲线中，一个为开始发热区域的开头和第二个位于重量损失开始减慢并逐渐变小结束的地方。
Slide 36
Smoke from smoldering fires represents lost energy that can produce hydrogen
闷烧产生的烟代表了失去的能源。它能用来制造氢气。
A sustainable hydrogen supply cannot be separated from agriculture as it forms a key link to delivered soil nitrogen
一个可持续的氢气供应不应该与农业分开，它是运送泥土中氮的重要一环。
Under modern agriculture, hydrogen is used to make ammonia fertilizer which is used for food production.
在现代农业中，氢气用来作氨的肥料，而氨肥料用于食物生产。
Agricultural Fertilizer
农业肥料
Oil Refineries
石油精炼
Methanol
甲醇
Slide 37
In designing a charcoal carrier for nutrients, we want to insure it can carry ammonia compounds
在设计木炭营养搬运者，我们要保证它能携带氨合物。
ammonia adsorption on Charcoal
氨吸收木炭
In designing a charcoal to act as a media for carrying plant nutrients, ammonia adsorption is a large plus. Asada reports in 2002 that his experiments with bamboo char carbonized at low temperatures out performs even activated carbon. He wrote that carboxyl acid groups formations natural to low temperature charcoal bind ammonia exceptionally well.
在设计木炭为植物营养搬运的中介，氨吸收是另外一重要因素。Asada在2002年的实验报告说低温炭化的竹枝木炭比活性碳好，低温形成的炭酸能很好与氨结合。
Slide 38
We conducted leaching experiments on a variety of charcoals.
我们处理了各种木炭的沥滤法实验
This proved out true in our own tests. We experimented with several different charcoals to determine a charcoal with properties suitable for carrying plant nutrients. The difference in the lowest temperature char still surprised us. Most of my charcoal samples would stabilize after the 5 or 6th rinses. But the one produced at 400C was still slowly releasing ammonia after 12 rinses.
实验证明我们的论断。我们实验了各种的木炭以决定何种木炭的特性适合携带植物营养。最低温下的木炭区别还是令我们惊讶。大多数的我的木炭样品经过5或6次洗涤会稳定。但是一个400度制造的样品经过12次的洗涤后开始慢慢地释放氨。
Slide 39
In September 2002 this story takes a novel twist. A patent was granted to the Oak Ridge National
laboratory for capturing CO2, SOx and NOx from flue gas
在2002年九月这样的故事向新的方向发展。美国橡树岭国家实验室 获取了烟道气体中在二氧化碳，硫化物和氮化物的碳隔离专利。
Slide 40
In September of 2002 a patent for carbon sequestration with combined SOx and NOx was awarded to Oak Ridge National Labs. We met with them after their patent was granted in 2002 and proposed a test with a special char with which we were working.
在2002年九月，美国橡树岭国家实验室 获取了烟道气体中在二氧化碳，硫化物和氮化物的碳隔离专利。在专利授予后，我们见过面并提议用我们正在使用的一种特殊木炭做一个实验。
Slide 41
Integration of ammonia carbonation and biomass pryolysis for carbon management
结合氨的碳酸化作用和生物量的热解来管理碳
In this case the gas phase hydrated ammonia is absorbed and converted into ammonium bicarbonate inside the charcoal pore structures.
在这种情况下，气态含水的氨在木炭毛孔机构内被吸收和转换为氨二次碳化
Slide 42
In bench scale work at Oak Ridge National Laboratory the specially produced char combines with hydrated ammonia to for ECOSS and enriched carbon organic sequestering slow release matrix.
美国橡树岭国家实验室在台秤实验特别与含水的氨一起制造了ECOSS并且丰富了人工碳隔离缓慢释放的细胞质(？)
Slide 43
Typical composition of the resulting nitrogen compounds
典型导致的氮合成物之组成
97.5% ammonium bicarbonate
97.5%氨盐基 重碳酸盐
2% ammonium sulfate
2% 氨盐基 硫酸盐
0.5%ammonium nitrate
0.5%氨盐基硝酸盐
Chemical Pathways for Simultaneous Removal of Major CO2 and ppm Levels of NOx and SOx Emissions by Innovative Application of the Fertilizer Production Reactions
通过创新使用肥料生产反应来同时除去主要二氧化碳和百万分之一级别的氮化物和硫化物排放的化学路径
Slide 44
pilot test
生产试产级的测试
operated at ambient pressure and temperature
操作在四周的压力和温度条件下
CO2 separation is not required
二氧化碳的分离不需要
Our demonstration of the technology was conducted in pilot scale production unit. Charcoal powder was fed into a simple mechanically fluidized reactor.
我们技术展示在生产试产级单位。木炭粉注入一个简单的机械流化反应器。
Slide 45
operated at ambient pressure and temperature
操作在四周的压力和温度条件下
CO2 separation is not required
二氧化碳的分离不需要
Within 10-15 minutes a heavy sand like material began to exit after having absorbed all the CO2, by speeding up the rotor we were able to produce a larger granular material with a higher nitrogen content, representing longer residence times. In this case all of our CO2 was converted. This system will also capture dust and fly ash materials, converting them into valuable soil conditioners.
在10到15分钟内，当吸收所有的二氧化碳后，一种重沙类似的物质开始排出，通过加速转子我们能够产生一种含高氮的大粒物质。在这种情况下，所有的二氧化碳都被转换了。这种系统也捕捉粉尘和飞灰物质，将它们转换为有益的泥土调节剂。
Slide 46
The material was examined using a scanning electron microscope. The box represents the area where the chunk was removed during crushing.
使用电子扫瞄显微镜检测物质。框代表那一快压碎的区域。
Slide 47
The development of ammonium bicarbonate made from the combination of carbon dioxide and ammonia deep inside the cavities and pores of the char provide a mechanism for the development of a slow release fertilizer. The deposits and gas interactions inside the porous carbon create interesting solid
formations, such as a flat top volcano.
通过综合缝隙和木炭毛孔内的二氧化碳和氨，重碳酸盐的发展为一个慢慢释放的肥料提供了一个发展机构。多孔的碳内部的沉淀和空气的相互接触制造了一个有趣的稳定机构，如同火山平坦的顶部。
Slide 48
Crushed interior
压碎的内部
The residual cell structure of the original biomass is clearly visible
原生物量剩余的分子机构清晰可见
The ABC fibrous buildup has started inside the carbon structure
ABC纤维性的组成已经开始与碳结构内部
After complete processing, interior is full
整个过程后，内部已充满
Trace minerals are returned to the soil along with essential nitrogen.
微量元素和基本的碳被返回泥土
In this scanning electron microscope image, we see the interior pore structures which offer safe haven for microbial colonies. The plastic looking layer represents a coating of volatile organics, a food source. The ability to balance the inert carbon percentage with the volatile organic compounds is an important aspect of the carbon-nitrogen delivery system. It allows for flexibility so that if greater microbial activity is needed, an increased amount can be delivered with essential plant nutrients. In addition, trace minerals are returned to the soil and represents the only way we believe to develop sustainable bioenergy production.
在这个电子扫瞄显微镜的图像里，我们看见内部毛孔结构为微生物们提供了一个安全的避难所。看起来塑胶似的层充当衣料覆盖了易挥发的和作为一种食物来源得有机体。用易挥发的有机体合成物来平衡惰性碳之能力是碳氮运送系统的一个重要方面。它允许灵活性以便如果需要更多的微生物活动，增加的数量能够与基本的植物营养被运送。另外，微量元素被返还泥土，我们相信这样方式是唯一的可持续发展生物能源生产。
Slide 49
This simple diagram shows the process and profit centers. Those profit centers are exhaust scrubbing, fertilizer and fuel production.
这个简单的图表显示过程和收益中心。收益中心是排气清洗，肥料和燃料生产。
Slide 50
But what is the tradeoff
什么是折衷方案
what are we giving up?
那些 我们在放弃？
Slide 51
Carbon Combustion vs Carbon Use Longer Term Valuation Analysis ━ 5 Year
碳燃烧比较碳利用 长期评估分析-5年
The energy value of combustion has limited value yet after conversion into a stable form it can provide a greater lifetime value. The use as a scubbing agent plus the net present value of increased crop yield, reduced fertilizer and water requirements.
燃烧的能量价值有限，当其被转换为一种稳定的方式，它能提供一种终身更大的价值。作为擦洗剂集和现在的价值会有增加农作物产量，降低肥料和水的要求。
Slide 52
Ok, it may be better to invest carbon in our soils..
好，也许在我们的泥土中投资碳要好一些
But what is the value of the volatile gas and bio-oil released?
但是什么是排除的易挥发气体和生物油的价值呢？
What is the profit potential and competitive landscape?
什么是可能的利润和有竞争的风景呢？
Slide 53
The Competition: Products from Petrochemicals
竞争：石油化学产品
Slide 54
Products from biomass
生物量产品
Slide 55
Biomass/ biorefinery option
生物量/ 生物精炼选择
Slide 56
Flowchart of biorefinery
生物精炼的花状图解
Slide 57
Potential syngas products
有潜力的合成气产品
Slide 58
Biomass potential in the US
生物量在美国的潜力
Slide 59
Can your biomass streams be as competitive fossil fuels? Yes, with all things being equal.
你的生物量能源可能象矿物燃料一样有竞争力吗？是，同样有竞争力。
Biomass becomes more competitive as as fuel prices rise
随着燃料价格涨价，生物量能源变得更有竞争力。
Profits are made on co-products not just gasoline.
利润不仅是在汽油，而是在副产品。
Equal percent of your tax dollars in every gallon and pound of co-products.
每加仑和每磅的副产品其税收价格比例相同
Proportionate funding of research and commercial support
相称的研究和商业支持的资金赞助
Homogenous standards and testing
相同的标准和实验
Slide 60
Agricultural use offers Carbon Negative Energy
农业使用提供负碳能源
CNE is energy produced where the net carbon emissions are lower than zero. For each 1Gj or MBTU approximately 112 kg of CO2 are utilized in a fashion where it does not return for centuries. This is a possible for fossil fuel energy use where carbon dioxide is sequestered and additional renewable carbon is stored. Biomass makes CNE possible where biomass carbon is utilized in long lasting products. A soil carbon amendment provides for an almost limitless sink and is a very long lasting carbon product
负碳能源是制造能源时净碳排放量低于零。对每1GJ 或MBTU，大约112公斤的二氧化碳被利用，其方式是二氧化碳在百年内不会返回。在二氧化碳被隔绝和其它可更新的碳被恢复的地方，燃料能源的利用是可能的。生物量使负碳能源成为可能，在此生物量碳被利用在长久的物质里。泥土碳的改进方法提供了一个无限的接收器 而且它是一个很长久使用的碳产品。
Slide 61
What is the possibility in carbon profits?
什么是碳利益的可能性？
GPP (Gross primary production) is basically carbon uptake by photosynthesis => half is used for autotrophic respiration and we are left with NPP (Net Primary production). A large part is lost
through decomposition which we could recover to some extent for bioenergy. Thus remains NEP Net Ecosystem Production. Between Decomposition and disturbance, we have an estimate 3- 12 GT C per year to utilize in a carbon use strategy. IMPORTANT: This approach is referred to as BESI (for
“Biomass energy with soil improvement”) technologies.
主要生产总量基本是光合作用中吸收的碳=>一半用来自养的呼吸和我们剩下的净总产量。一大部分是在分解中失去，某种程度我们可从此用生物能源恢复。因此保持净主要生产为净生态系统生产。在分解和扰乱间，我们估计在碳的利用策略有每年3-12GT C能源。这一方法称为利用泥土改进的生物量能源技术。
Slide 62
But here is the real question
但是真正的问题是
If farmer can increase yields by up to 50%,
如果农民能够增加产量到50%
And grow the raw materials for our fuel and fertilizers,
并且为我们的燃料和肥料种植原材料
And help power plants reduce their emissions,
并且帮助电厂减少它们的排放量
And help reverse the effects of global warming,
并且帮助阻止全球气温变暖效应
And help restore our topsoils for future generations,
并且帮助为我们的后代恢复土壤
Why would we complain if they earned a little bit more?
为什么我们要抱怨即使他们赚了一些钱？
Slide 63
The loss of soil carbon is a major challenge to agriculture. The emissions of carbon from human activities are a global issue that must be addressed in our lifetime. These two problems have a
common solution which creates a sustainable system for energy and agriculture.
泥土中的碳丧失是农业的主要的挑战。人类活动的二氧化碳排放是全球问题，它必须在我们的一生中得以解决。这两个问题有一个共同的解决方式，它创造给能源和农业一个可持续发展的系统。